Over recent decades of development, the evolution of minimally invasive techniques for hernia repair has progressed from a mere pursuit of "small incisions" to embracing the core philosophy of "minimal trauma, maximal benefit." This technical system encompasses not only innovations in tools such as laparoscopy and robotics, but also has given rise to anatomy-based repair concepts that restore abdominal wall function and promoted the refinement and integration of mesh placement layers. By enabling precise manipulation and minimizing excessive damage to the abdominal wall structure, minimally invasive hernia repair significantly reduces postoperative pain and shortens recovery time. Moreover, through the ambulatory surgery model, it optimizes the allocation and utilization of medical resources. Looking ahead, with the deepening integration of robotic-assisted technology and artificial intelligence, hernia treatment is set to enter a new phase characterized by greater precision and individualization, achieving a qualitative leap from anatomical repair to functional reconstruction.

In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the understanding of the anatomy and functional mechanics of the abdominal core. There is now a deeper comprehension of how abdominal wall defects affect human physiology and function, emphasizing preoperative optimization and postoperative abdominal wall functional rehabilitation. This has led to the concept of "Abdominal Core Health (ACH)." The definition, clinical significance, and assessment methods of ACH are becoming increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal wall surgical diseases. The establishment of ACH centers and registries has further promoted systematic, multidisciplinary research and summarization of abdominal wall surgical diseases. The introduction of the abdominal core health concept has expanded the breadth and depth of the field of abdominal wall surgery, and will have a positive influence on its development.

This article provides a concise overview of the surgical meshes currently used in clinical practice abroad. It summarizes emerging technologies for mesh fabrication, including composite materials, antibacterial coatings, nanomodification, regenerative and biological materials, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and artificial intelligence–assisted design. These innovative technologies are redefining the future of hernia surgery. Potential future directions in mesh research and development are expected to focus primarily on the development of lightweight materials, surface-modified materials, intelligent engineered materials, and artificial intelligence–based mesh design. By reviewing and analyzing recent international advances in the research and development of meshes for hernia and abdominal wall surgery, this article aims to provide a reference for further research in this field in China.

The enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal (e-TEP) approach evolved from the classical totally extraperitoneal (TEP) technique. By refining the optic trocar placement, endoscopic visualization was optimized to accommodate hernia repair at various sites. Initially applied to complex inguinal hernias, e-TEP was subsequently adopted for primary ventral hernias and small- to medium-sized incisional hernias, with ongoing attempts to extend its use to large incisional hernias. The incorporation of robotic surgical systems, single-port platforms, and the component separation technique has further facilitated this expansion. At present, e-TEP remains in a phase of active exploration and refinement. Its short- and mid-term outcomes are generally comparable to those of alternative procedures, although long-term follow-up data are still unavailable. Surgeons may therefore adopt the technique selectively based on their expertise. Guided by the principles of minimally invasive surgery and plane-oriented dissection, e-TEP offers theoretical advantages but presents notable technical challenges. Limited operative space and a prolonged learning curve remain key barriers to wider implementation of e-TEP, while key issues such as avoiding excessive abdominal wall dissection and preventing emerging procedure-specific complications continue to draw attention. With advances in minimally invasive platforms, e-TEP—alongside other minimally invasive repair techniques—is expected to benefit and ultimately contribute to more precise, individualized hernia management.

Single-incision laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair integrates the advantages of minimal invasiveness and aesthetic outcomes, enabling "scar-free" abdominal wall restoration. It is particularly suitable for patients with scar-hypertrophic diathesis or those with explicit demands for scarless healing. As a classic single-incision preperitoneal repair approach alongside total extraperitoneal repair (TEP), it accounts for merely approximately 10% of clinical applications due to its high technical threshold and steep learning curve. Drawing on practical experience and the requirements of diagnosis-related group (DRG)-based medical insurance payment, this article elaborates on its core technical points in detail: an innovative umbilical "cleft lip-like" incision combined with conventional trocars, balancing concealment and cost-effectiveness; addressing challenges such as limited surgical field of view and instrument interference through maintaining micro-tension, cross-traction, and optimizing laparoscope positioning; utilizing 3-0 barbed suture for "one-handed suturing" to overcome the technical difficulty of peritoneal closure; and standardizing incision disinfection, full-thickness closure, and umbilical plastic surgery to reduce complications. Proficiency in this technique requires repeated training, which can offer patients a superior minimally invasive surgical experience.

The repair and reconstruction of abdominal wall defects requires not only the restoration of structural continuity but also the reestablishment of coordinated abdominal wall mechanics and function. Conventional abdominal wall defect repair materials primarily focus on providing macroscopic mechanical support; however, excessive reinforcement during the healing process often leads to tissue stiffness and functional impairment. In recent years, the synergistic roles of macroscopic and microscopic mechanical factors in tissue regeneration have received increasing attention. At the macroscopic level, materials must possess strength and compliance that match with the native abdominal wall to maintain structural stability and tension balance. At the microscopic level, materials regulate matrix stiffness, viscoelasticity, and external stress distribution to create a mechanically defined microenvironment that is perceptible to cells, thereby influencing cell adhesion, cytoskeletal remodeling, and lineage-specific differentiation. Mechanical signals are sensed and transduced through pathways such as Integrin/ focal adhesion kinase, mechanosensitive channels, and transcriptional coactivators, ultimately orchestrating tissue regeneration and functional remodeling. A deeper understanding of the mechanical environment in abdominal wall defect repair provides important insights for the development and application of next-generation mechanically tunable regenerative scaffolds.

The rapid development of minimally invasive surgery has promoted the continuous innovation of hernia and abdominal wall surgery. As an extension and upgrade of laparoscopic technology, the robotic surgery system has been widely used in the field of hernia and abdominal wall surgery with its advantages of three-dimensional high-definition vision, rotatable wrist surgical instruments and stability of filtering tremor. The purpose of this paper is to systematically describe the characteristics of robotic surgery technology platform, its clinical application status in hernia and abdominal wall surgery, and the evidence of high-level evidence-based medicine, to explore the key issues such as cost-effectiveness, learning curve and standardized training, and to look forward to the future development direction of this field, so as to provide reference for clinical practice and future research.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of liposomal bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open tension-free inguinal herniorrhaphy (Lichtenstein repair) via ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB).

A prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blind, positive-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Eighty-two patients scheduled for unilateral Lichtenstein herniorrhaphy in the Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital between May 2024 and March 2025 were enrolled. Using block randomization, patients were assigned to one of three groups: Group A (20 ml sterile water for injection), Group B (10 ml 7.5 mg/ml hydrochloride bupivacaine+10 ml normal saline), and Group C (10 ml 13.3 mg/ml liposomal bupivacaine+ 10 ml sterile water for injection ). Resting pain scores (using the numeric rating scale method) were assessed 14 times at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours postoperatively, and pain profiles were plotted. The cumulative burden of pain scores [area under the curve (AUC)], opioid drugs consumption, and incidence of adverse reactions during the 0-96-hour postoperative period were compared.

No statistically significant differences were observed in preoperative general characteristics among the three groups (P>0.05). The AUC in Group C (172.18) was significantly lower than that in Group A (233.42, P<0.001) and Group B (228.90, P<0.001), whereas no significant difference was found between Group A and Group B (P=0.752). Among the three groups of patients, Group C had the lowest rescue medication rate, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The time to first rescue medication in Group C was significantly longer than that in Groups A and B. Group C had better postoperative pain control effect, and a higher proportion of patients did not require rescue medication. The incidence of postoperative analgesic-related adverse events has no significant difference among the three groups (P>0.05).

Preoperative administration of liposomal bupivacaine under ultrasound- guided TAPB effectively alleviates pain after open tension-free herniorrhaphy, with superior efficacy compared to conventional bupivacaine and a comparable safety profile.

Lumbar hernia is a rare condition, and considerable controversy remains regarding its optimal surgical management. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of single-incision laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal sublay (SIL-TES) mesh repair for the treatment of lumbar hernia.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 22 patients with lumbar hernia who underwent SIL-TES mesh repair between April 2020 and August 2024 at four hospitals: the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Putuo Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Shanghai East Hospital. The surgical technique and procedural details were described. Perioperative outcomes, postoperative complications, patient satisfaction, and quality of life were evaluated. Quality of life was assessed preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively using the Carolina Comfort Scale (CCS), including domains of foreign-body sensation, pain, and movement limitation.

The median operative time was 97.50 (67.75, 110.00) minutes. No conversion to open surgery or severe intraoperative complications occurred. The follow-up duration ranged from 3 to 54 months, with a median follow-up of 21.00 (10.75, 46.25) months. No hernia recurrence or surgical-site infection was observed. Comparisons of CCS domain scores and total scores at different follow-up time points showed statistically significant differences (foreign-body sensation: F=6.62, P=0.013; pain: F=62.88, P<0.001; movement limitation: F=19.52, P<0.001; total score: F=36.30, P<0.001), with all scores demonstrating significant and sustained improvement over time. The mean patient satisfaction score was (4.58±0.58), and the mean cosmetic satisfaction score was (9.29±0.91), indicating high overall satisfaction.

SIL-TES mesh repair is a safe and effective minimally invasive option for the treatment of lumbar hernia, with satisfactory short-term outcomes. By combining direct visualization with coordinated hand–eye manipulation, this technique provides a reliable therapeutic alternative. Further studies are required to evaluate its long-term outcomes.

To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic mesh repair via different surgical approaches for the treatment of lumbar hernia.

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of four patients with lumbar hernia who underwent laparoscopic surgery at the 901st Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the PLA between May 2015 and May 2021. Two patients underwent laparoscopic trans-abdominal partial extra-peritoneal (TAPE), while the remaining two received laparoscopic retroperitoneal totally extraperitoneal surgery (R-TEP). The therapeutic outcomes of different laparoscopic approaches were evaluated.

All four patients successfully completed surgery. The operative time was 70 minutes for both patients who received TAPE, while that for the 2 R-TEP patients was 95 minutes and 170 minutes (bilateral case), respectively. The visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively were 4, 3 points and 3, 2 points for the 2 TAPE patients, and 2, 2 points and 1 point(for case 3, the patient was discharged within 48 hours after surgery, and the corresponding measurement was not conducted) for the 2 R-TEP patients, respectively. The postoperative hospital stay was 5 days for both TAPE patients, compared with 1 day and 2 days for the R-TEP patients. The time to first postoperative flatus was 2 days in both TAPE patients and 1 day in both R-TEP patients. No complications such as fever, operative-site hematoma or incision infection were observed. Postoperative pain in all patients resolved within 3 months. During a follow-up period of 36-84 months, no activity limitation or hernia recurrence was reported.

Both surgical approaches are effective in the treatment of lumbar hernia. Laparoscopic R-TEP may be more minimally invasive, associated with faster postoperative recovery and lower costs, but further research and verification are still required.

To compare the efficacy of rectus abdominis suspension and pubic comb ligament suture in the treatment of pseudohernia sac of direct inguinal hernia.

A prospective controlled study was conducted on 60 patients with direct inguinal hernia who were admitted to Chongqing Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine from June 2021 to May 2022. Using a random number table, the patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 30 cases per group. The observation group was treated with rectus abdominis suspension method, and the control group was treated with pubic comb ligament suture method. The operation time, consumables cost, hernia recurrence and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared.

The operation time and consumables cost of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group [(1.58±0.56) minutes vs (2.83±0.59) minutes; (6.23±0.43) yuan vs (819.33±17.21) yuan; all P<0.001]. There were no differences in intraoperative bleeding, visual analog scale scores for postoperative pain, postoperative urinary retention, and chronic pain between the two groups (P>0.05). There were no postoperative seromas, wound infections or hernia recurrences in the two groups.

The method of rectus abdominis suspension for the treatment of pseudohernia sac of direct inguinal hernia not only has the exact effect of avoiding postoperative seroma, but also is simple, quick, economical and practical, and reduces the medical cost.

To exploration the preliminary outcomes of a novel surgical approach—the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair for umbilical hernia.

This retrospective case series included 12 patients who underwent laparoscopic TAPP umbilical hernia repair at the Gastrointestinal Minimally Invasive Surgery Center of the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu between May 2022 and March 2024. All procedures were performed by the same surgical team. Baseline characteristics, perioperative data, postoperative recovery, and complications were systematically collected and retrospectively analyzed using the electronic medical record system.

All patients successfully completed laparoscopic TAPP umbilical hernia repair. The mean operative time was (82±25) minutes, and the median postoperative hospital stay was 3 (3, 3.5) days. One patient developed postoperative seroma at 1 month. No hernia recurrence, incision infection, or serious complications such as intra-abdominal hemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, or enteric fistula were observed. During a 6-month follow-up period, 11 patients completed follow-up and none experienced hernia recurrence; one patient was lost to follow-up.

Preliminary results suggest that laparoscopic TAPP repair is a feasible approach for the treatment of umbilical hernia. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm its efficacy and safety.

To investigate the efficacy of truss compression therapy in reducing the incidence of postoperative seroma in patients with indirect inguinal hernia undergoing laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair.

From May 2021 to May 2022, 50 adult male patients with indirect inguinal hernia who underwent TAPP at the Tongxiang First People's Hospital were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. Both groups received the same TAPP procedure. In the experimental group, a truss was applied to compress the inguinal region for one week postoperatively; in the control group, routine sandbag compression was applied for 12 hours after surgery. The two groups were compared in terms of baseline characteristics, size of the hernia ring defect, whether the hernia sac was completely dissected, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, incidence and classification of postoperative seroma, and hernia recurrence rate.

There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics, intraoperative parameters, or length of postoperative hospital stay (all P>0.05). The incidence of postoperative seroma was 8% in the experimental group, with no cases of type III seroma; in contrast, the control group had a 32% incidence of postoperative seroma, including a 16% incidence of type III seroma, and these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Four cases of seroma in the control group were cured after aspiration and drainage. No hernia recurrence was observed in either group during follow-up.

For patients with indirect inguinal hernia undergoing TAPP, postoperative truss compression can effectively reduce the incidence of seroma, with good safety and definite efficacy. It has achieved satisfactory short-term results in clinical practice and shows promising prospects for clinical application.

To summarize the surgical technique and treatment experience of single-incision laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal inguinal hernia repair via inferior arcuate line approach.

The clinical data, operation and postoperative recovery of 60 patients admitted to the Department of hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery in the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University from July 1, 2023 to July 1, 2024 who received single-incision totally extra-peritoneal inguinal hernia repair via inferior arcuate line approach were analyzed retrospectively. The key points of operation were summarized. At the same time, the curative effect of this surgical approach was further discussed.

The operation was completed successfully in all 60 patients, and the average operation time was (57.73±15.97) minutes. Intraoperative peritoneal damage occurred in 4 cases. Intraoperative blood loss was (3.89±1.78) ml. Postoperative hospital stay was (2.62±0.87) days. VAS pain score on the first day after surgery was (1.90±0.60) points. Postoperative seroma occurred in 2 cases. Postoperative subcutaneous emphysema of scrotum occurred in 1 case. No patients had postoperative hematoma or incision infection. During the follow-up for 2 months to 1 year, there were no recurrent cases or postoperative incisional hernia cases.

Using single incision laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal inguinal hernia repair via inferior arcuate line approach is safe and feasible, and has certain technological advantages, which is worthy of reference for clinicians.

To investigate the effect of body position in sliding hiatal hernia (SHH).

This study was a retrospective controlled study. A total of 153 patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease who attended the Department of Gastroesophageal Surgery at the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center between March 2, 2022, and March 6, 2023, were enrolled. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) in both the seated and supine positions. The upward displacement length of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) was measured by endoscopy. Data including esophageal length, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) length and pressure, and the crural diaphragm-LES (CD-LES) separation distance were collected. Based on an EGJ upward displacement greater than 2 cm on endoscopy and the presence of CD-LES separation on HREM, patients were divided into the SHH group (62 cases) and the non-SHH group (91 cases). Differences in the above parameters between seated and supine positions within each group, as well as differences between the two groups, were analyzed.

Among the 153 patients, SHH was detected in 62 cases (62/153, 40.52%). The detection rate of SHH by supine HREM (30.01%) was significantly higher than that by endoscopy (24.18%) and seated HREM (12.41%), with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). In the SHH group, esophageal length and intra-abdominal LES length measured in the supine position were shorter than those measured in the seated position, while the CD-LES separation distance was longer in the supine position. The minimum and mean LES resting pressures and LES residual pressure were all higher in the supine position than in the seated position, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). In the non-SHH group, esophageal length measured in the supine position was shorter than that in the seated position, whereas the minimum and mean LES resting pressures and LES residual pressure were higher in the supine position, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Regardless of body position, the CD-LES separation distance in the SHH group was longer than that in the non-SHH group, while esophageal length, LES length, and intra-abdominal LES length were shorter in the SHH group. In addition, the minimum and mean LES resting pressures and LES residual pressure were lower in the SHH group than in the non-SHH group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05).

Body position can influence sliding in hiatal hernia. Compared with the seated position, the supine position causes the EGJ to shift further toward the thoracic cavity, increases the extent of herniation into the thorax, and enlarges the volume of the hernia sac.

This article analyzed and summarized the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment methods of obturator hernia, in order to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

The clinical data of 13 patients with obturator hernia who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University and were confirmed by surgery from February 2017 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, follow-up time and recurrence were recorded.

All 13 patients underwent surgical treatment, 8 underwent traditional laparotomy, and 5 underwent TAPP repair. There was 1 case of postoperative incision infection, 1 case of postoperative pulmonary infection, both recovered after symptomatic treatment. One patient died the next day after being transferred to the ICU due to respiratory failure caused by underlying diseases, and the remaining 12 patients recovered and were discharged. The hospital stays ranged from 4 to 25 days, with an average of (11.5±5.8) days. All patients were cured and discharged, and were followed up for 1 to 63 months with a mean of (35.3±22.9) months. No hernia recurrence was observed during the follow-up period.

Obturator hernia is a rare disease in clinical practice, and its clinical manifestations are not specific. The diagnosis of obturator hernia should be considered in elderly and infirm multiparous women presenting with unexplained symptoms of small bowel obstruction. Preoperative abdominal and pelvic CT examination is helpful for early diagnosis of obturator hernia. Surgery should be performed as soon as possible after a clear diagnosis, and laparoscopic exploration and repair are recommended if the patient's conditions permit. According to the specific circumstances of the operation, if there is no contraindication, in order to prevent recurrence, a mesh can be used to enhance the repair effect.

To evaluate the efficacy of single-site versus double-site laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of pediatric inguinal hernia through a meta-analysi.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single-site and double-site laparoscopic surgery for pediatric inguinal hernia published up to December 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), FMRS, VIP, and Wanfang databases. RevMan 5.3 software was used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of different surgical approaches between the single-site group and the double-site group in the treatment of pediatric inguinal hernia.

A total of 16 RCTs were included after literature screening, involving 1415 patients in the single-site group and 1409 patients in the double-site group, with a total of 2824 patients. The single-site group was superior to the double-site group in operative time, length of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, and incision size, with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). The incidence of surgical complications and the probability of postoperative recurrence were both lower in the single-site group than in the double-site group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). Funnel plot analysis of the mean operative time suggested no publication bias (P=0.115).

Transumbilical single-site laparoscopic surgery for pediatric inguinal hernia has clear advantages in shortening operative time and hospital stay, reducing intraoperative blood loss, improving cosmetic outcomes of the incision, and lowering the incidence of postoperative complications and inguinal hernia recurrence.

To systematically evaluate the risk factors for seroma in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair surgery, and to provide a basis for improving disease surveillance.

Comprehensively searched CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, CBM, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Medline and Web of Science from the beginning of the database establishment to December 2024 to collect the literatures about the risk factors of seroma in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair surgery, including cross-sectional studies, cohort studies and case-control studies. Two researchers independently checked and screened the literature according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and conducted quality evaluation and data extraction on the included literature. Meta-analysis of the data was conducted using Revman 5.4.

A total of 21 literatures were included, with a total sample size of 5739 cases. The meta-analysis results showed that: high body mass index (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.07-1.71), course of disease (OR=2.69, 95% CI 1.82-3.97), comorbid underlying diseases (OR=2.44, 95% CI 1.44-4.14), preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio>2 (OR=2.24, 95% CI 1.83-2.74), long-term use of anticoagulants (OR=2.35, 95% CI 1.51-3.66), direct hernia (OR=2.74, 95% CI 1.72-4.36), hernia sac diameter (OR=2.80, 95% CI 1.93-4.04), hernia type III/IV (OR=2.08, 95% CI 1.70-2.54), scrotal hernia (OR=7.39, 95% CI 3.13-17.43), surgical method of laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal hernia repair (OR=2.87, 95% CI 1.28-6.45), surgical time (OR=1.17, 95% CI 1.03-1.33), intraoperative bleeding>10 ml (OR=2.76, 95% CI 2.03-3.74), mesh type (OR=3.21, 95% CI 2.05-5.02) and surgeon experience (OR=2.83, 95% CI 1.77-4.55) are risk factors for seroma in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair surgery (P<0.05).

There are many risk factors for seroma in patients after inguinal hernia repair surgery. To actively prevent the occurrence and development of seroma, a comprehensive evaluation of the patient should be conducted before surgery, appropriate surgical methods should be selected, precise intraoperative procedures should be performed, wound damage should be reduced, and hernia sac should be disposed of reasonably.

Stoma prolapse is one of the most common long-term complications following stoma creation and can severely impair patients’ quality of life. General surgeons should have a thorough understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and current treatment strategies for stoma prolapse. This article reviews relevant domestic and international literature to explore the risk factors associated with stoma prolapse, focusing on patient-related factors and surgical techniques. In addition, treatment strategies for stoma prolapse are discussed, with particular emphasis on both surgical and conservative management. Recent advances in the treatment of stoma prolapse are also systematically summarized.

Seroma formation is a common occurrence following inguinal hernia repair. Most patients achieve favorable outcomes with appropriate observation and management. However, some patients may misinterpret a postoperative seroma as hernia recurrence, leading to unnecessary confusion and anxiety, and undermining confidence in prognosis. In a small proportion of cases, severe seromas that are inadequately managed may progress to local infection or other more complex complications, adversely affecting clinical outcomes. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the etiologies and intervention strategies for postoperative seroma is essential to improve patient satisfaction and therapeutic effectiveness. In this article, we synthesize evidence from domestic and international literature to review the mechanisms underlying seroma formation, as well as current approaches to its prevention and treatment, with the aim of providing clinically applicable strategies for effective management.

With the continuous development of laparoscopic technology, patients with inguinal hernia have benefited from minimally invasive surgery with less trauma and faster recovery. Due to the disadvantages of traditional 2D laparoscopy, which cannot provide three-dimensional and hierarchical surgical images, it increases the difficulty and risk of operation under the microscope. The appearance of 3D laparoscopy can improve the hand-eye coordination of surgeons, improve the accuracy of surgery, and shorten the operation time and learning curve. This paper mainly discusses the advantages and future development trend of 3D laparoscopy in the treatment of inguinal hernia, and reviews the application progress of 3D laparoscopy in this field.

This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of a 2-year-and-11-month-old boy with Spigelian hernia without cryptorchidism. The child was initially misdiagnosed with indirect inguinal hernia and underwent laparoscopic surgery. The diagnosis of Spigelian hernia was later confirmed by open surgery, during which high ligation and repair of the hernia sac were performed. The patient recovered well with no recurrence during 7 months of follow-up. The clinical characteristics and key points in diagnosis and treatment of pediatric Spigelian hernia are discussed in combination with relevant literature.